lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole, also known as meridians.
A location of a place in relation to another place (i.e. south or downhill)
the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground
a group of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location
is the angular distance of that location south or north of the Equator. The curves running east-west are referred to also as parallels. Each one is actually a circle on the Earth parallel to the equator