Astronomy Test #7 Chapter 7 Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
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Down: 1)  • Most of Earth’s major geological features can be attributed to plate tectonics, which gradually remakes Earth’s surface. • Venus does not appear to have plate tectonics, but its entire surface seems to have been “repaved” 750 million years ago. 3) Volcanism also releases gases from Earth’s interior into the atmosphere. 4) Applying what we have learned about Earth’s interior to other planets tells us what their interiors are probably like.5) The greenhouse effect on Venus keeps its surface temperature at 470 °C or 878 °F. But why is the greenhouse effect on Venus somuch stronger than on Earth?6) Water is denser than oil, so oil floats on water.8) Smaller worlds cool off faster and harden earlier. | The Moon and Mercury are now geologically “dead.”9) Some craters -Volcanoes Riverbeds?11) • All X-ray light is absorbed very high in the atmosphere. • Ultraviolet light is absorbed by ozone (O3).13) The Caloris Basin is the largest impact crater on Mercury. ~end of SS formation | Region opposite the Caloris Basin is jumbled from seismic energy of impact.15) Fractured and twisted surface indicates tectonic stresses17) Many volcanoes, including both shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes18) • Seasons on Mars are more extreme in the southern hemisphere because of its elliptical orbit. 20) Rock stretches when pulled slowly but breaks when pulled rapidly. | The gravity of a large world pulls slowly on its rocky content, shaping the world into a sphere.21) PHOTOSYNTHESIS (plant life) is required to make high concentrations of O2, which produces the protective layer of O3.23) Certain molecules let sunlight through but trap escaping infrared photons.24) Craters -Smooth plains Cliffs25) • Some volcanic activity 3 billion years ago must have flooded lunar craters, creating lunar maria (relatively smooth, flat plain). • The Moon is now geologically dead.31) Volcanoes -Few craters Across: 2) • Seasonal winds on Mars can drive huge dust storms.5) Atmosphere scatters blue light from the Sun, making it appear to come from different directions. | Sunsets are red because less of the red light from the Sun is scattered. 7) Earth’s continents slide around on separate plates of crust.10) Earth is habitable because it is large enough to remain geologically active, and it is at the right distance from the Sun so oceans could form.12) 4. Subduction carries carbonate rocks down into the mantle. 5. Rock melts in mantle and outgases CO2 back into atmosphere through volcanoes.14) • 50% Earth’s radius, 10% Earth’s mass • 1.5 AU from the Sun • Axis tilt about the same as Earth • Similar rotation period • Thin CO2 atmosphere: little greenhouse • Main difference: Mars is SMALLER16) Volcanism happens when molten rock (magma) finds a path through lithosphere to the surface. | Molten rock is called lava after it reaches the surface.19) Most cratering happened soon after the solar system formed. | Craters are about 10 times wider than the objects that made them. | Small craters greatly outnumber large ones.22) Surface changes made by wind, water, or ice26) 1. It must be a mix of materials of different density. 2. Material inside must be able to flow. ( BOTH 1 AND 2) 27) • Erosion is a blanket term for weather-driven processes that break down or transport rock. • Processes that cause erosion include — Glaciers— Rivers — Wind28) Convection of the mantle creates stresses in the crust called tectonic forces. | Compression forces make mountain ranges. | A valley can form where the crust is pulled apart.29) Highest density; nickel and iron 30) • Reflective clouds contain droplets of sulfuric acid. • The upper atmosphere has fast winds that remain unexplained.32) • Some volcanic activity 3 billion years ago must have flooded lunar craters, creating lunar maria (relatively smooth, flat plain). • The Moon is now geologically dead.33) Motion of continents can be measured with GPS (a few centimeters per year).34) Volcanoes-Craters-Mountains-Riverbeds35)  A planet’s outer layer of cool, rigid rock is called the lithosphere. | It “floats” on the warmer, softer rock that lies beneath. VERY IMPORTANT: Rigid lithosphere (crust and mantel)
 

 

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