Anatomy Test 3 Crossword
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
 
 
Down: 1) -a fibrous protein made of a long chain of G-Actin molecules twisted into a helix, main protein of the thin myofilament -like a bead necklace -a string of subunits called globular (G) actin2) -a myofilament aout 5-6 nm in diameter composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin3) -amino acid -inhibitory neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and retina; most common inhibitor neurotransmitter in spinal cord4) -muscles contract more weakly than rested ones6) -painful muscle spasms caused by rapid firing of motor neurons; triggered by heavy exercise, extreme cold, dehydration, electrolyte loss, low blood glucose, or lack of blood flow 7) -it holds that the myofilaments do not become any shorter during contraction; rather, the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments and pull the Z-discs behind them, causing each sarcomere as a whole to shorten9) -synaptic knob contains spheroidal organelles which are filled with ACh10) -covers bundle 11) -at the end of each branch -a little swelling that forms a synapse with the next level -contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitters 12) -if a fiber is overly contracted at rest, its thick filaments are rather close the Z discs. The stimulated muscle may contract a little, but then the thick filaments butt against the Z discs and can go no further. IF a muscle fiber is too stretched before its stimulated, there is relatively little overlap between its thick and thin filaments. When the muscle is stimulated the myosin heads cannot get a grip on the thin filaments, and again the contraction is weak13) -forms a network around each myofibril -smooth ER of muscle fiber 16) -no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential17) -neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence19) -membrane voltage shifts to a less negative value -makes a neuron more likely to produce an action potential 20) -side of the soma that is a mound which the axon originates 21) -a muscle that opposes the prime mover 22) -weak lower limbs23) -membrane of axon26) -short range change in voltage -graded, decremental, reversible, excitatory or inhibitory27) -stretch receptor -to inform the brain of muscle length and body move -enables brain to send motor commands back to the muscles that control muscle tone, posture, coordinate, movement, reflexes 28) -quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting withdrawal of a limb from an injury29) -a globular subunit of F actin with an active site for binding a myosin head30) -crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue -osteoblasts begin process, secrete collagen, calcification31) -surround somas of neurons in ganglia; provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons 33) -neuropeptide -digestive tract, spinal cord, and many parts of the brain; also secreted as a hormone by the pituitary; suppress pain; reduces perception of fatigue and may produce "runner's high" in athletes 35) -low-instensity, long duration exercise -loss of electrolytes through sweating can alter the ion balance of the extracellular fluid enough to reduce muscle excitability 37) -source of more than 90% of energy and exercise -lasts more than 10 minutes -respiratory and cardiovascular systems "catch up" and deliver oxygen to the muscle fast enough for aerobic respiration to meet ATP demand39) -vary in magnitude (voltage) according to the strength of stimulus 42) -the difference between the resting rate of oxygen consumption and the elevated rate following an exercise 43) -thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles 44) -a protein disc to which thin filaments and elastic filaments are anchored at each end of a sarcomere; appears as a narrow dark line in the middle of the I band Across: 1) -this is a sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other 3) -amino acid -thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, occipital lobes of cerebrum and retina; the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain5) -increase surface area of ACh-sensitive membrane -invaginations of the sarcolemma where ACh receptors are especially concentrated 8) -tubular infoldings of sarcolemma -penetrates through cell and emerge on other side 14) -lack of oxygen and ATP -build up of lactic acid -weakness -loss of contractility due to prolonged use of muscle15) -make up the rest of the muscle and do its work 18) -movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production 24) -covers nerve 25) -form neurilemma around PNS nerve fibers and myelin around most of them -aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers32) -a delay, about 2 milliseconds between the onset of the stimulus an the onset of the twitch 34) -the enzyme breaks down ACh after the ACh has stimulated the muscle cell, important for relaxation -an enzyme in the sarcolemma and basal lamina of muscle fiber in synaptic region, responsible for degrading ACh and stopping the stimulation of muscle fiber 36) -response to excessive tension on the tendon, inhibits alpha motor neurons to the muscles -serves to moderate muscle contraction before tearing a tendon 38) -a regulatory protein associated with tropomyosin that acts as a calcium receptor40) -cells and organs that respond to commands from the nervous systems 41) -faster way of making ATP -can make enough ATP for 1 minute of walking -until the respiratory and cardiovascular systems catch up with the heightened oxygen demand, the muscle meets most of its ATP needs by borrowing phosphate groups from other molecules and transferring them to ADP45) -a transmembrane protein in the sarcolemma of the neuromuscular junction that binds to ACh46) -a bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue -cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers band together by connective tissues 47) -the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action48) -insulating layer around a nerve fiber, somewhat like the rubber insulation on a wire 49) -composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of areolar connective tissue -produce watery serous fluid -peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, endothelium (in blood vessels), serosa (on organ surfaces)50) -a broad sheet of tendon located beneath scalp -ex: palmar aponeurosis51) -maximum oxygen used in intense exercise (4-5 minutes) -ability to maintain high-intensity exercise -the point at which the rate of oxygen consumption reaches a plateau and doesn't increase further with an added workload52) -higher frequency -the muscle has no time to relax at all between the stimuli and the twitches fuse into a smooth, prolonged contraction
 

 

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